Summary
The pelvic girdle refers to the combination of the pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis), sacrum, and coccyx. Because the pelvic girdle is heavily involved in ambulation, respiration, and posture, somatic dysfunction is common in this area. Osteopathic treatment of such conditions includes various articulatory techniques, myofascial release, muscle energy, facilitated positional release, and high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA).
Anatomy
Pelvis (innominates)
Bones
- See “Bony pelvis” in the article on the pelvis and hip joint.
Osteopathic landmarks
-
Anterior landmarks
- Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- Pubic tubercles
- Medial malleoli
-
Posterior landmarks
- Iliac crest
- Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
- Ischial tuberosity
Motion
- Rotation (inferior transverse axis)
Sacrum
Bones
- See “Sacrum” in the article on the vertebral column.
Osteopathic landmarks
-
Superior landmark: Sacral sulci (sacral base)
- Located superolaterally between the sacrum and PSIS
- Right and left
- Can be shallow or deep
- Inferior landmark: Inferior lateral angles (ILA’s)
Motion
- Ambulatory motion: rotates around either a right or left oblique axis
- Respiratory motion
- Craniosacral motion
Dysfunctions
-
Physiologic
- More common
- Forward or flexion dysfunctions
- (‑) Spring and sphinx tests
-
Non-physiologic
- Less common, often a result of trauma
- Backward or extension dysfunctions
- (+) Spring and sphinx tests
Special tests
Trendelenburg sign
- See “Trendelenburg sign” in the article on neurological examination.
Ober test
- Function: evaluates for iliotibial band and tensor fascia lata tightness
- Position: lateral recumbent
- Procedure
- Positive test: thigh remains abducted or falls with jerking movements
Patrick test (FABERE test)
- Function: evaluates sacroiliac joint
- Position: supine
-
Procedure: Flexion, ABduction, External Rotation, Extension
- Flex, abduct, externally rotate and extend the hip (figure-4 formation).
- Apply pressure on the knee and contralateral anterior superior iliac spine.
- Positive test: reproduction of pain in the hip or sacroiliac joint
Thomas test
See “Thomas test” in the article on osteoarthritis of the hip and knee.
Diagnostic tests
Standing flexion test
- Function: assesses iliosacral motion
- Position: standing
-
Procedure
- Place both thumbs below the PSIS.
- Ask patient to bend forward while standing with both feet firmly on the ground shoulder width apart.
- Positive test: superior thumb motion on one side
- Dysfunction: named after the side of the positive finding
Seated flexion test
- Function: assesses sacroiliac motion
- Position: seated with feet flat on the ground
-
Procedure
- Place both thumbs below the PSIS.
- Ask patient to bend forward slowly.
- Positive test: side of superior thumb motion on one side
- Dysfunction: named after the side of the positive finding
ASIS compression test
- Function: assesses symmetry of sacroiliac joint motion
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Place both palmar surfaces on the ASIS.
- Apply a unilateral downward compressive force to evaluate ipsilateral sacroiliac (SI) joint.
- Positive test: side of more resistance
- Dysfunction: named after the side of the positive finding
Sphinx test (Backward bending test)
- Function: assesses between physiologic and non-physiologic dysfunction
- Position: prone
- Procedure
- Negative test: sulci become symmetric
- Positive test: sulci become more asymmetric → posterior component to the sacral base dysfunction
Lumbosacral spring test
- Function: assesses between physiologic and non-physiologic dysfunction
- Position: prone
-
Procedure
- Place hypothenar eminence on the lumbosacral junction.
- Apply a downward “springing” force.
- Negative test: sacrum does spring back → forward torsion of sacrum
- Positive test: sacrum does not spring back → backward torsion of sacrum
Pelvic dysfunctions
Static examination
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Perform standing flexion test.
- Reset pelvis.
-
Compare heights of ASIS.
- Lay edge of thumbs perpendicular to the inferior aspect of each ASIS.
- Determine relative position of each side.
-
Compare heights of pubic tubercles.
- Starting at the level of the umbilicus, gently inch down with the heel of your hand (fingers pointing cephalad) until it meets the bony pubic symphysis.
- Gently place thumb pads over the superior aspect of the pubic tubercles bilaterally to determine relative position.
-
Compare heights of medial malleoli.
- Gently add traction inferiorly at both ankles to remove slack.
- Place thumb pads just inferior to the medial malleoli bilaterally to determine relative position.
-
Compare heights of PSIS.
- Lay edge of thumbs perpendicular to the inferior aspect of each PSIS.
- Determine relative position of each side.
Pelvic (innominate) rotation dysfunctions
Anterior innominate dysfunction
Diagnostic findings
-
Must be present:
- Ipsilateral inferior ASIS
- Ipsilateral superior PSIS
- Additional supportive finding: ipsilateral inferior medial malleolus
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Flex the affected hip into its physiologic barrier.
- Have patient extend hip against equal resistance for 3–5 seconds.
- Relax for 5 seconds.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
High-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA)
- Position: lateral recumbent
-
Procedure
- Perform myofascial release.
- Flex top leg and lock behind extended bottom (non-affected) leg.
- Rotate patient to supine position.
- Place forearm on hip with elbow between greater trochanter and PSIS.
- Have patient take a deep breath.
- Apply thrust with forearm downward toward the legs.
- Reassess.
Posterior innominate dysfunction
Diagnostic findings
-
Must be present:
- Ipsilateral superior ASIS
- Ipsilateral inferior PSIS
- Additional supporting finding: ipsilateral superior medial malleolus
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Extend affected hip off the table into its physiologic barrier.
- Stabilize contralateral hip.
- Have patient flex hip against equal resistance for 3–5 seconds.
- Relax for 5 seconds.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
High-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA)
- Position: lateral recumbent
-
Procedure
- Perform myofascial release.
- Flex top leg and lock behind extended bottom (non-affected) leg.
- Rotate patient to supine position.
- Place forearm on hip with elbow between greater trochanter and PSIS.
- Have patient take deep breath.
- Apply thrust with forearm upward toward you.
- Reassess.
Pelvic (innominate) shear dysfunctions
Superior innominate shear
Diagnostic findings
-
Must be present:
- Ipsilateral superior ASIS
- Ipsilateral superior PSIS
- Ipsilateral superior medial malleolus
- Additional supporting finding: ipsilateral superior pubic rami
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: supine
- Procedure
High-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA)
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Perform myofascial release.
- Grasp leg above ankle or knee.
- Abduct leg 10–15 degrees and internally rotate.
- Apply thrust inferiorly.
- Reassess.
Inferior innominate shear
Diagnostic findings
-
Must be present
- Ipsilateral inferior ASIS
- Ipsilateral inferior PSIS
- Ipsilateral inferior medial malleolus
- Additional supporting finding: Ipsilateral inferior pubic rami
Pelvic (innominate) flare dysfunctions
Inflare of the innominate
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Ipsilateral medial ASIS (smaller distance between ASIS and umbilicus compared to contralateral side)
- Ipsilateral lateral ischial tuberosity (larger distance between ischial tuberosity and midline)
Outflare of the innominate
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Ipsilateral lateral ASIS (larger distance between ASIS and umbilicus compared to contralateral side)
- Ipsilateral medial ischial tuberosity (smaller distance between ischial tuberosity and midline)
Pubic dysfunctions
Static examination
- See step 4 in the pelvic static examination
Pubic shears
Superior pubic shear
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Ipsilateral superior pubic bone
- ASIS and PSIS are level
Treatment
Muscle energy
Inferior pubic shear
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Ipsilateral inferior pubic bone
- ASIS and PSIS are level
Treatment
- Same as superior shear
Sacral dysfunctions
Overview
- Sacral motion is typically described in relation to the L5 vertebrae
-
Four types of dysfunction
-
Rotation
- Occurs on an oblique (right or left) axis
- Deep sacral sulcus and posterior ILA are opposite
- L5 rotates in the same direction
-
Torsion
- Occurs on an oblique (right or left) axis
- Deep sacral sulcus and posterior ILA are opposite
- L5 rotates in the opposite direction
-
Unilateral flexion or extension
- Can be physiologic or non-physiologic
- Deep sacral sulcus and posterior ILA are on the same side
-
Bilateral flexion or extension
- Either deep sacral sulci or posterior ILA's are present on both sides
- Typically found in pregnant women
-
Rotation
Static examination
- Position: seated
-
Procedure
-
Perform diagnostic tests (seated flexion, sphinx, or lumbosacral spring test).
- Seated flexion test is only used as a guide.
- Sphinx and lumbosacral spring test determine posterior component to diagnoses.
-
Compare depth of sacral sulci.
- Place each thumb inferolaterally to the PSIS of either side.
-
Compare position of inferior lateral angles (ILAs)
- Place the hypothenar eminences on either side to determine their relative positions.
-
Diagnose L5 vertebral dysfunction.
- Determines if torsion or rotation is present.
-
Perform diagnostic tests (seated flexion, sphinx, or lumbosacral spring test).
Sacral rotation/torsion dysfunction
Forward sacral rotation/torsion
Diagnostic findings
-
Left rotation on a left oblique axis
-
All must be present
- Right deep sacral sulcus
- Left posterior inferior ILA
-
L5:
- Rotation: rotated to the left
- Torsion: rotated to the right
-
All must be present
-
Right rotation on a right oblique axis
-
All must be present
- Left deep sacral sulcus
- Right posterior inferior ILA
-
L5:
- Rotation: rotated to the right
- Torsion: rotated to the left
-
All must be present
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: lateral sims position (axis side down)
-
Procedure
- Flex hip until motion at lumbosacral junction.
- Have patient hug table (sims position)
- Place legs off table to induce side bending.
- Ask patient to lift legs against equal resistance for 3–5 seconds.
- Relax for 5 seconds.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
High-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA)
- Position: supine
-
Procedure
- Perform myofascial release.
- Stand on side of deep sacral sulcus.
- Side bend torso slightly away.
- Place contralateral leg over ipsilateral leg and side bend slightly away.
- Ask patient to clasp hands behind their neck.
- Ask patient to inhale.
- Stabilize opposite PSIS.
- Place hand through patient's arm and rotate upper torso toward you.
- Ask patient to exhale throughout motion.
- Apply a downward thrust.
- Reassess.
Backward sacral rotation/torsion
Diagnostic findings
-
Right rotation on a left oblique axis
-
All must be present:
- Left deep sacral sulcus
- Right posterior inferior ILA
-
L5:
- Rotation: rotated to the right
- Torsion: rotated to the left
-
All must be present:
-
Left rotation on a right oblique axis
-
All must be present:
- Right deep sacral sulcus
- Left posterior inferior ILA
-
L5:
- Rotation: rotated to the left
- Torsion: rotated to the right
-
All must be present:
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: lateral recumbent position (axis side down)
-
Procedure
- Rotate torso of patient up.
- Flex hip until motion at lumbosacral junction.
- Place legs off table to induce side bending.
- Ask patient to lift legs against equal resistance for 3–5 seconds.
- Relax for 5 seconds.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
The L5 vertebral diagnosis determines whether a sacral rotation or torsion is present!
Sacral bilateral dysfunction
Bilateral sacral flexion
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Right and left deep sacral sulcus
- Right and left posterior inferior ILA
- Additional supporting finding: increased lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine
Treatment
Muscle energy
Bilateral sacral extension
Diagnostic findings
-
Both must be present:
- Right and left shallow sacral sulcus
- Right and left anterior superior ILA
- Additional supporting finding: decreased lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: prone
-
Procedure
- Ask patient to prop up onto their elbows to extend the lumbar spine.
- Place thenar eminence on sacral base.
- Apply anterior pressure to bring sacral base into its barrier.
- Ask patient to inhale while resisting the posterior motion of the sacral base.
- Follow sacral base anteriorly as patient exhales.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
Sacral unilateral dysfunction
Unilateral sacral flexion (physiologic)
Diagnostic findings
-
Right unilateral flexion
-
Both must be present:
- Right deep sacral sulcus
- Right posterior inferior ILA
-
Both must be present:
-
Left unilateral flexion
-
Both must be present:
- Left deep sacral sulcus
- Left posterior inferior ILA
-
Both must be present:
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: prone
-
Procedure
- Place hypothenar eminence on affected ILA.
- Ask patient to inhale and hold.
- Apply anterior force for 3–5 seconds.
- Ask patient to exhale while you resist posterior inferior motion.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.
Unilateral sacral extension (nonphysiologic)
Diagnostic findings
-
Right unilateral extension
-
Both must be present:
- Right shallow sacral sulcus
- Right anterior superior ILA
-
Both must be present:
-
Left unilateral extension
-
Both must be present:
- Left shallow sacral sulcus
- Left anterior superior ILA
-
Both must be present:
Treatment
Muscle energy
- Position: prone
-
Procedure
- Place hypothenar eminence on affected sacral base.
- Ask patient to exhale and hold.
- Apply anterior force for 3–5 seconds.
- Ask patient to inhale while you resist posterior motion.
- Re-engage barrier and repeat.
- Reassess.